jueves

Monday, November 9th, 2009

This class we saw pictures but this time were of the male reproductive system
And this are the parts of the reproductive system:
-scrotum; the sac of skin that holds the testicles
-testes: the reproductive glands that reproduc sperm
-seminiferous tubules: it creates gametes, namely sperms
-epididymis: tightly coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferences
-vas deferences: is the sperm carryngtube until it reaches the urethra
-seminal vesicle: narrows at the botton and joins the vas deferences, forming the ejaculatory duct
-prepuce: is a piece of skin wich cover paart of the genitals
-prostate: it produces a fluid that carries the sperm out of the body during the ejaculation
-cowpper's gland: produced a secretion that helps lubricate the head of the penis during erection and ejaculation
-corpora cavernosa: two flexible cylinders of erectile tissue
-corpus spogiosum: is a spongy tissue surrounding the urethra within the penis
-penis glans: is the sensitive tip of penis and is communly referred to as the head of the penis
-urethra: travels trough the penis, and carries semen as well as urine
-the testes consist in numerous lobules
http://www.dmacc.edu/Instructors/rbwollaston/Reproductive%20System/Cross_section_of_testicle.gif
Marla Lopez Arechiga

The following links Were provided by Juanita Montoya, you should watch them.

martes

Friday, november 6th, 2009

On this class we talked about female body sexual organs, so heres one of the pictures the teacher explain: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/images/05-08-femaleinternalside.jpg

We start talking about the outer organs which were:

  • Labia majora, and labia minora
  • Clitoris: is like a heat sensor, it is important on sexual pleasure, it’s also call the “female pennies”.
  • Vagina: is the passage way to the inside organs (connects inner organs with outer organs), it’s made of muscle, and it’s length it’s from 5 to 10 cm.

The outer organs an the vagina works as a filter, and regulates levels of PH, so some bacterias cannot live there, and some bacterias can that’s why there are infections right there, and sperms can live there.

These are some inner organs we spoke about: http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/female_anatomy_frontal.jpg

  • Uterus: this part take care of the product of a pregnant, on this part also happens the process of menstruation.
  • Cervix: connects the vagina with the uterus. This part isn’t flexible as the vagina, so it doesn’t let anything go trough.
  • Fundus: is the upper part of the uterus
  • Ovary: is connected with the uterus, is where female reproductive cells are produce
  • Oviducts: this connect the uterus with the ovary, the ovule travel trough here. Also here starts the process of fecundation
  • Infundibulum: (no it’s not a harry potter spell) the oviducts connect with this part to the ovary. The ovary retains in it’s place also with the suspensory ligament.

We also talked about some structure of the ovary:

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f28-4a-d_ovary_c.jpg

  • Primary folicus: is the first period of the ovule.
  • The secondary oocyte: is the ovule almost complete
  • Corpus luteum: after the ovary is release it left like an scar, which can be used as a count of how many ovules the ovary has release.

We talked about the menstrual cycle:

http://www.womentowomen.com/menstruation/images/060811_menstrualcycle_w-moon.gif

It’s a process of that occurs each 28 days. If an ovule is release and it’s not fecundated it need to bee throw it out. So when it’s first release from the ovary and then reach the uterus, it attach to the endometrium , this part feed the ovule with proteins and blood, to prepare it to be ready in case of a pregnance, and the endometrium wall start growing of blood, so if the the ovule isn’ fecundated it need to release all that blood and inside of that blood goes the ovule, here’s when the menstrual process occurs, and it hurts because the wall of blood it’s really attached , so it hurts when it’s release.

This are some hormones release during the menstrual cycle:

  • FSH: (follicle stimulant hormone) it cause the ovule.
  • LH: (luthinizant hormone) make the corpus lutheum for ovule.
  • Progesteron: determines how thick is the endometrium.
Eduardo Lopez Ramade

miércoles

Monday October 26th, 2009

reproduction

sexual vs asexual
good bad good bad
recombinatio slow no need 2 cells no variability
survival expensive quick no mutation
need 2 cells easy
rostore apolation

Sexual reproduction need haploid cells and a crossing over.
Crossing over is needed for variability of gens


We saw some videos were they explain the types of sexual and asexual reproduction

Types of sexual reprodduction
internal
external

Types of asexual reproduction
Binary fission
iw a division in two parts wich each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell


Budding
the two resulting cells are not equal size


Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation
(reproduction or cloning) a organism is split into fragments. Each fragment develop into mature ,
fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism.
the mothers cells are very important in this reproduction.


Spores genesis
the type of reproduction that the fungi family use. Is by spores; the spores go out of the mashroom (in this case).
It can be male or female spores and mashrooms; and then this mashrooms trough female or male spores. This
female or male spores need the opposite spore to build a diploid mashroom.


Regeneration
is said to regenerate a lost or damaged part if the part regrows so the original function is restored.


Partenogenesis
this is ffound in female where growth and development of embryos occurs with out fertilization by a male.


Hermaphrodistism
is only in animals and plants; they have both male and female reproductive organs, only one works correctly.

Intersex
is only in humans; they have both male and female reproductive organs, only one works correctly.

Marla Lopez

jueves

Monday October 19th, 2009

So this Monday 19th of October =)... We keep watching a little of mitosis, but also we started with meiosis. so this is :

Here is a video of the 4 Steps of mitosis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WwIKdyBN_s

1. Prophase: the DNA condense to cromosomes
2. Metaphase: the Cromosomes get in the spindles
3. Anaphase: while the cromosomes are on the spindle... they separate to both poles
4. Telophase: the cell divides into 2

Here is other video in which there are many cells doing mitosis in real time =O: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m73i1Zk8EA0

So here are some specification about mitosis:

-It happens in EVERY cell EXCEPT on sperm and ovum/ova
-The mitosis happens for reproduction
-It happens all the time... but mostly at GROWTH


These are the similarities between the mitosis and meiosis:


MITOSIS V.S. MEIOSIS
- Division -Division
- mother/daughter - mother/daughter
-all cells except Sexual cells - ONLY sexual cells
- 2 daughters (46 cromosomes) - 4 daughters (23 cromosomes)
- Diploid (genetic info.) -Haploid (genetic info)


Heres a video

http://www.johnkyrk.com/meiosis.html


Juan Pablo Campos

(Liga del ultimo video enviada por Fernando Lopez)

lunes

miércoles

Monday October 5th, 2009

Today we talked about the functions of the ribosomes.
Ribosomes are organelles of the cell that are in charge of a process called Translation.


DNA|RNA
A |A
T |U
C |C
G |G

There is a process in which some enzymes make a copy of DNA but is called RNA.
As you can see in the table above, RNA does not have the letter T, so it is the only change that occurs (T becomes U).

In DNA the letters in one strand will always be connected to another certain letter on the other strand:

A will always be with T & C will always be with G.

Example of a possible DNA structure:
C----G
G----C
C----G
T----A
A----T
T----A
G----C
A----T
C----G
C----G
G----C
A----T

RNA is a copy of only 1 strand (and replacing all T's with U's). So the copy of the DNA example would be:
DNA| RNA
G | G
C | C
G | G
A | A
T | U
A | A
C | C
T | U
G | G
G | G
C | C
T | U

Now what a ribosome would do with this RNA is divide it into groups of 3 letters:
GCGAUACUGGCU=
GCG - AUA - CUG - GCU

Now each group of three letters is called a codon.
Each codon is an Aminoacid, and has a name (the name of each codon is not important for us to memorize, the teacher
will give us a table with the names).
The names of the codons from the example would be:
GCG: alanina
AUA: soleucina
CUG: leucina
GCU: alanina

Now that each part of the RNA is a codon (group of aminoacids) it is a protein that can be used.

BRIEFLY:
RNA: copy of ONE strand of the DNA, but instead of T's has U's.
Ribosomes: converts the RNA into aminoacid chains that conform a protein (Translation).
DNA: has two strands (chains of letters), but only one will be used for the RNA copy.
Proteins: chains of aminoacids
A is to T as G is to C

Luz Garduño

last class we saw how RNA is transform into proteins so basically is a very simple process basically i tell these example and told it to martha and she understand:

imagine that you are in a candy shop and the RNA is the code for example PTP is a pulparindo TTU is a tootsie and BGB is a bubblegum so the RNA is kind of a list with the codes and you are the ribosome's for example in the list you have PTPBGBTTUTTUPTPBGBBGB so what you make is separate the initials in three and get the candies so you got basically a nice basket with a pulpariando then a bubblegum, tootsie,pulparindo,bubblegum,bubblegum, and that kind of linear basket is the protein.

AMINOACID:what makes up a three letter codons

CODON: a 3 letter group like a worg PTP

PROTEIN:a chain of codons

but so these posible can be possible you need kind of to"codify" those messages by finding theryre complementary letter here are the complementary letters for ATCG

A=T

T=A

C=G

G=C

But cause DNA does not has T its change into a U

Naneth Lopez Argil

The RNA copies the DNA Information. It gets to the Rough. E.R. (where the Ribosomes are) and the ribosomes, by the Translation Method, Translate the RNA and make it a Protein. Here is a more detail explanation http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna/index.html


A segment of RNA its at least one protein... those big chains of DNA that RNA copies... it know where to stop copying because of the Determination codes... are to determine where a chain ends. =)

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna/b/replication/index.html
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna/b/replication/replication.html

these are more info. of the Replicacion of DNA

And here is info of the genetic codes
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/gene-code/about.html


Here is a video of RNA... its cool =) and understandable
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ml0OqAUzEXU

Juan Pablo Campos

lunes

Friday, october 2nd, 2009




last Friday we talked about:
♣ the cell membrane: is the part of the cell that separates the cell of the outside, it controls the movement of the material that goes in or goes out. the cell membrane is a two-layered structure made up by lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. extra: also have the quality to be "selectively permeable", this means that it select what passes through it freely or just a slight or nothing at all.

♠the structure and functions of the organelles of the cell and how they work together, this is called the endoplasmatic system, the endomembrane system has a chemical structure (made up of phospholipids) different to the mitochondria. the main labor in here is to produce proteins.

organelles
the nucleus is the organelle that store inside of it the DNA.the DNA is like the blueprints of the cell, it tells to the cell what things it need to have, produce and all the information that it need to function. DNA can´t get out of the nucleus, so a copy of it, called RNA, is made. the RNA goes to the "rough endoplasmatic reticulum"
nucleus
in this picture it can be see a double membrane nuclear envelope (we didn´t saw it in class, i don´t thing it is important)

the endoplasmatic reticulum is together with the nucleus, this organelle is divided into two, the rough endoplasmatic reticulum (R.E.R) and the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum (S.E.R). in the R.E.R are located the ribosomes that translate the RNA that lays in there.
endoplasmatic reticulum
in this picture you can saw how close it is to the nucleus, also the R.E.R and the S.E.R, the little dots in the R.E.R are called ribosomes, the ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis in the cell. then it passes through S.E.R to get details and glucose.

the Golgi apparatus storage and packs the proteins together so they can be send to the part of the cell that requires them and in different amounts.
Golgi apparatus

the cilia and the flagella are made up of proteins their function is the cell´s movement, they usually are a few flagella on a cell but they are a lot of cilia that work in group opposite to flagella.
cilia and flagella structure
if you cut a cilia or a flagella, you can observe that their structure have 9 pairs of tubs, each tube push the next to him, with this movements between them, is the way the cell moves around, also they have to simple tubs in the center. this microtubules are composed of a protein named tubulin.








a question to ponder (reflexionar):


"why do have to eat proteins if we are capable to produce them?"

because we can produce some amino acids but not all of them
in total there are 20 aminoacids; in them are 8 aminoacids called "essential aminoacids", this ones we can´t produce them,
a way to get them easily is eating egg, because the yolk contains the 20 aminoacids


"the fabric analogy"
:

if you didn´t understand you can consider this analogy:

first, imagine a fabric from the outside, the only thing you can see is the wall, this wall is the cell membrane in our analogy, this fabric is divided in departments, every different department have a mission to accomplish, each department is an organelle, the director of the fabric, who directs everything from his office is the nucleus, this president of our fabric know everything, of course is his fabric, have all the ideas, the budged, the blueprints in his laptop (all the information: DNA) so, to let know his employees what they need to do, he send some memos(RNA) from his office, this is how every organelle knows what to do. in the production room (R.E.R) made ribosomes as the memo said, from here the ribosomes are send to put some details (S.E.R) later all that was produced pass to the quality inspection(Golgi apparatus), the boss whats to know if everything have a high quality standard. so in the Golgi apparatus the deficient product (lysosomes) can be sent back to the S.E.R or R.E.R even to the nucleus, because is a cycle system, the good product is packed and storage and when it is needed go out of fabric vesicles.

important concepts:

>cell:
The basic structural and functional unit in people and all living things.
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2661

>tissue:part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

>system: a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. Biology The study of life Prentice Hall Schraer and Stoltze Page. 101

>chemical structure:
A chemical structure includes molecular geometry, electronic structure, and crystal structure of a chemical compound
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure

>organelles:is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle
  • nucleus: a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproductionwordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
  • RER: The "rough" appearance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) results from the presence of ribosomes that are bound to the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The presence of ribosomes on the RER indicates that it is involved in protein synthesis.http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/rougher.htm
  • SER: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no such bound ribosomes and is not involved in protein synthesis. However, the SER is involved in cholesterol metabolism, membrane synthesis, detoxification, Ca++ storage along with other cellular processes.http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/rougher.htm
  • vesicle: Small membrane-bound spaces in most plant and animal cells that transport macromolecules into and out of the cell and carry materials between organelles in the cell. www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossV.html
  • golgi bodies: serve as processing, packing and storage center for the products released form the cell. Biology The study of life Prentice Hall Schraer and Stoltze Page. 86
  • mitochondria: round or slipper-shaped organelles that release the energy in food molecules for us by the cell. it is surronded by a double membrane. Biology The study of life Prentice Hall Schraer and Stoltze Page. 86

>endoplasmatic system: Membrane system within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, important in the synthesis of proteins and lipids. The ER usually makes up more than half the membrane of the cell and is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. There are two distinct regions of ER: the rough ER, or RER (so called because of the protein-synthesizing ribosomes attached to it), and the smooth ER (SER), which is not associated with ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis of lipids and the detoxification of some toxic chemicals.
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Endoplasmatic+reticulum

>cilia:
which is a hair-like structure that moves in a waving motion. Cilia are used for motility in some one-celled organisms and for moving particles or fluids in certain cells of more advanced organisms.http://score.dnr.sc.gov/deep.php?subject=10
>flagella: long whip-like tail protruding from the surface of a cell that propels the cell, acting as a locomotive device.www.dnr.state.md.us/Bay/cblife/glossary.html
>lysosome: An organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lysosome
>protein: A molecule composed of amino acids linked together in a particular order specified by a gene's DNA sequence. Proteins perform a wide variety of functions in the cell; these include serving as enzymes, structural components, or signaling molecules.
www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/glossary.html
Juana Montoya

miércoles

Monday, september 28, 2009




energy: "ability or capacity to do work"
chemical energy: it is storage between bonds, and it can be realize in fo
rm of light, fire, etc
organelles: parts that form a cell
this class we talked about
mitochondria:

-found in animal and plant cells
-this organelle is compose by an outer membrane and an inter membrane,inside the inter membrane there are ions and fluids (the juicy part of the mitochondria, haha)
-main function: to produce ATP (adenosinetriphosphate -main source of energy-) by taking glucose, this way energy is release
-content mitochondrial DNA

chloroplast:

-found only in plant cells
-takes energy from the sun this way it can make the photosynthesis (the way plant make food for themselves and release oxygen)
-the chloroplast main structure is tylatoid.
- content chloroplast DNA
picture

we talked about endosymbiotic theory propose by Lynn Margulis
tells that the eukaryotic cells are an evolution of the prokaryotic cell, that happened millions of year ago, this process was caused by the symbiotic process, that is the relationship of interdependence that exist between prokariotic cells, a prokaryotic cell was to close to another one, by the pass of the time some prokaryotic cells was getting together with other, the prokariotic cells stacked inside the biggest cell form the organelles, this way this cells have a double membrane..
this theory can be prove because:
-the size of some organelles (ex. mitochondria) is consistent with some of the prokariotic cells
-the genome: have two very different kind of DNA, as if they came from different organism
-and the organism still attacking the mitochondria as if it was an strange object

you can also visit this page:
http://www.isepp.org/Pages/San%20Jose%2004-05/MargulisSaganSJ.html
here are hers scientific contributions
concept you should know:(like glossary)
>organelle:A membrane-delimited compartment found inside eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria, the nucleus and vacuoles
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/organelle
>energy: The capacity for work. /The ability to do work, or produce change.
>glucose: a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
>membrane: regulates what comes in and what comes out in cell, delimits the boundaries of the cell
>endosymbiotic theory: the origins of mitochondria and plastids (e.g. chloroplasts), which are organelles of eukaryotic cells. According to this theory, these organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms which were taken inside the cell.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiotic_theory
>symbiosis: the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
>genome: The genetic material of an organism. (DNA and RNA)
nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Primates/glossary.cfm
>prokaryotic cell: A cell that lacks organelles. Bacteria and Archaea.
blue.utb.edu/biology/oliva/terms_and_definitions_for_quiz_1.htm
>eukaryotic cell: cells are organized into complex structures enclosed within membranes. Most living organisms, including all animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell
and the homework
what does "endo-" means?
what is a membrane?
what is a system?
Juana Montoya

viernes

Friday, september 25th

So today you were supposed to watch this video and make the videos I asked for (4 in total).


You were supposed to write a journal about the activities you were to do, but you didn't do it so there is no journal to write.
Also, I will take this topic as discussed, so next class we'll move on to the next topic.
Have a nice weekend.
Teacher Ariel.

jueves

Monday, september 21st, 2009

SUMMARY

On today´s class we saw the two existing kind of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Some of their differences and similarities between these 2 types of cells:


Prokaryotic

-Mitosis

-Has membrane

-No nucleus

-Cell wall (complex)

Eukaryotic

-Nucleus

-Has membranes

-Mitosis and meiosis

-Chromosomes (paired-linear)

-Cell wall (not all), only in plants.

-Organelles


There are 2 types of eukaryotic cells: animal and plant cells.

Plant cells

-Are in plants and fungi.

-They compose the cell wall with cellulose (glucose+glucose+glucose)

-Have chloroplasts, which give plants a bright green color, and that are involved in photosynthesis.

-Vacuole is a big storage compartment that takes most of the cell space

Animal cells

.-Are in animals and protozoan.

-They don´t have a cell wall.

-They have centrioles.

-Centrioles are needed to make cilia and flagella.

-Flagella look like a single tail and cilia like many little hairs.

-There are rare cases in which a single cell has both, cilia and flagella.

-Centrioles are built from a cylindrical array of 9 microtubules, each of which has attached to it 2 partial microtubules.

We also saw some videos of amoebae. It is really rare the way they kind of eat other cells. They start spreading until they enclose the other cell. Later this other cell realizes that it can´t get out. But you can understand better if you watch the following videos:

How amoeba feed:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU

Flagella and cilia:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA&feature=related

Amoeba in motion:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA&feature=related


Stephanie Sotelo

lunes

Friday, september 18th, 2009

Today was the start of Unit II, and with it the first topic as well: Cells.

Cells, as seen last unit, are what the living organisms are composed of. No living organism does not have cells, and neither does a non-living needs them.

Cells are ''Structural, functional unit of all living organisms'' by definition.

There are two different types of cells, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

There are several differences between them. Prokaryotes are the older, and also the most ancient type of cells. Most compose the numerous bacteria that live even up to this day. Despite their long time of existence, they haven't changed much of their simple structure. They don't have a nucleous, and neither the endomembrane system. The genetic information withing them float free in the citoplams. As for movement, they only have the flagellum.

Meanwhile, Eukaryotes are more recent. They, unlike the former ones, do have a nucleous, and also compose the multicellular organisms, while Prokaryotes come in only unicellular life forms.

Then we saw about Bacteria. Bacteria are prokaryotes that can be found nearly anywhere, even in the human body. Bacteria are responsible for diseases called infections, and the only way to kill them off is by te use of antibiotics. These only work on bacteria, and nothing else, though it's also possible for the bacteria to develop a resistance to it, which is why it's unadvisable to use them if they aren't needed.

The bacteria usually infect by injecting toxins to the cell, or just touching them with their membrane, which can also carry the toxins.

Yet, just are there are bad bacteria for the humans, there are also harmless, and even benefical ones. Some harmless bacteria even right now live in the skin, though that's just it, nothing more or less. Yet, this can be helpful since if a bacteria, probably a harmful one, arrives, and the bacteria will repell it as it would be intruding it's home.

Then, bacteria are also responsible for the creating of some consumables, like bread, milk-related products, and alcohol.

Finally, we saw about the Archaeobacteria. These ones are noticable in being able to live through extreme conditions. Some would be the Thermoacidophiles, who live in extremly hot and acid places, like in the ocean floor where the magma from the mantle travels out into the water.

Then there are the Halophiles, who live in very salty places, and are in fact the only living organisms capable of living in the Dead Sea.

Finally, there are the Methonagen, who live in places with a lack of oxygen, like swamps, where even other organisms living there have to get out of it in order to breath from now and then, yet these bacteria don't need to.
Juan Manuel Aguirre G.

miércoles

Monday, september 7th, 2009

On this class we saw a movie named SUPER SIZE ME.

As an introduction the movie gives numerous impressive statistics of obesity in the United States of America.

Did you now that in the United States 60% of adults have obesity? That in Mississippi 1 of every 4 people is obese? These are really impressive numbers! Don’t you think? Well it looks like many us don’t care of this but something should be done to stop this situation.

One reason is that many people don’t do any form of exercise (in the United States 60% of Americans) and this contributes the fat to stay in the body.

Another of the obvious reasons is the fast food places, for example: McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Pizza Hut, between many others. One of every four people visits a fast food place per day! But here the question is: Is this kind of food healthy at all? Of course not, this food contains a lot of calories and is cooked with a lot of oil affecting many of our organs.

Trying to prove this point of view and to make conscience in people, which is the main purpose of this movie or documentary, a man did an experiment.

The experiment consisted of eating breakfast, meal and dinner at McDonald’s for 30 days and only eating products make in there. He needed to always choose something different, choosing at least once every item in the menu. But the worst rule is that when the worker offers him supersize he needs to accept it.

The first thing he did was making some analysis and consulted three specialists in health care (doctor, nutritionist and psychologist).

Here are the levels at the beginning:

-triglycerides: 43

-glucose: 165

-cholesterol: normal

-weight: 185.5lb

-body fat: 11%

*Considering which the levels should be this is a man with a perfect health.

*He also went with a physic conditioner to make some tests and he was over the average.

Doctors told him that this idea was crazy and have many risks but he insisted on trying even knowing that his health could be severely damage. Like this he started his adventure through McDonald’s fast food restaurants.

Like three or four days after he started the seller ask him if he wanted a super size combo, and as the rules, he accepted. He was eating eat in his car and after an hour of trying to eat all that hamburger, fries and soda he vomited.

He made some surveys in the street and almost everyone whom he asked say they like fast food and didn’t know what the meaning of a calorie is. A man has a record of like 23000 Big Mac’s in his whole life, with an average of 2 or 3 per day. He went through some schools, elementary, and even if the ¨chef¨ knows they are serving bad food they don’t do anything. Well, but if the government sends them only canned food, what are they suppose to think.

After 19 days he started feeling bad. He says that he woke up feeling he couldn’t breathe and scared went to the doctor to make other analysis. The doctor told him he could destroy his liver so his girlfriend and mom told him to stop with this insane idea but surprisingly he didn’t give up and complete the 30 days.

At the end, he had gained 24.5 lb, 7% more of body fat, an increment in triglycerides, glucose levels and cholesterol and a lot of consequences: gas, chest pressure, headaches, liver illness (fatty liver), breathing difficulties, mood change, depression, addiction, fatigue, of many more.

It is important to point out that there is not only addiction to drugs, alcohol and tobacco but food can also be and addiction and in the movie they prove it. When he wasn’t eating hamburgers, fries or whatever McDonald’s product he felt sad and depressed.

So, it is important to think in the consequences of our actions not only the ones that affect other people but also actions that affect us, so choose a balance diet because life is precious and we should take care of it.


Stephanie Sotelo


martes

today we talked about 2 things;proteins & nucleic acids

Proteins:
Aminoacids
-amino group
a polimer is a group of monomers, so in the case of proteins, aminoacids are the monomers and proteins the polimers.
monomer+monomer+monomer= polimer aminoacid+aminoacid+aminoacid= protein
-carboxylic acid
-3 forms
positive form/negative form/ zwitterion form(changes from negative to positive form).

Functions
-MANY! (they have many functions in our body, they can be: hormones, antibodies, enzymes, structural proteins, storage proteins, etc.)

Found in
Animals

Issues/problems
Sickle cell anemia
a person with this disease has "C" shaped hemoglobine. When hemoglobine has this shape it can't transport oxygen to
the whole body and they are sticky so they can easily create clots. Their is no cure but gene therapy is still under
experimentation. It can only be inherited.
Here is a picture of a normal hemoglobine and one with sickle cell anemia:
http://i25.tinypic.com/2w3qfqt.jpg

Mad cow disease
This disease cannot be transmited to humans but there is a disease that is similiar to it and it appears in humans, it is the
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.
The mad cow disease is provoked by a protein that changes shape, called Prion, and has the ability to change other
proteins shape.


Nucleic Acids:
Polymer of nucleotides
Phosphate group
Sugar
Nytrogen base

Genetic Information

DNA | RNA
| Nucleus | outside |
| A,T,C,G | A,U,C,G |
|Dioxybose | Ribose |
| Store |Transport|
|2 Strands | 1 Strand |

Luz Abril Garduño

lunes

Friday, august 28th, 2009

This class we went over lipids, more in retail, the kinds of lipids, what exactly hdl and ldl are, cholesterol, if its good or bad for you, phospholipids, hydrophilic and hydrophobic, and others.

Before we get into that, lets see the random facts. New people should take a look at these!!!

  • Juanpiii has the participation list this week. AAAAH! Make sure he hears your participation if you want those lines next to your name.

  • Ramon wants to know about the number of warnings we have before we get a groupal report. It stands at two, so if we get a third class interruption we have a report.
  • Lovely.

Heres what new people need to know:

  • So first things first, this is a summary that we have to do about EVERY class we have. It’s like a permanent homework so you don’t get bored. It has to be turned in at 11:59 of the day before the next class. If you get the most summaries up, you get a bonus on the exam, so make sure you do a good job on these. Even the smallest mistakes count. Oh and very important, send the summary in the message text box; do not send it as an attached file. Homework IS sent as an attached file.

  • You must comment at least twice a week on the blog. It is on Facebook, so to get to comment you must add the teacher. Here’s the link for his profile: www.facebook.com/arieluvm. Once you have added him he will send you a group invite. No he’s not a stalker; it’s an invitation for the group where you will put up your comments. I put down how to use the blog on my first summary, but it didn’t get picked out, so here’s how to do it again:

  • When you first log on to the blog, (http://prepauvm.blogspot.com/) go to the bottom of the screen. Find the picture of a cell, which has Biology I on top of it. Click on the “read more” icon on the bottom of the picture. After that click on the picture of the cell, and that’ll take you to where all of the summaries are.

  • Homework must be sent to him via email, so knowing his email address would be very useful: ariel.uvm@gmail.com. Oh and it has to be turned in at 11:59 of the day before the next class, just like the summary. You can send this late, all the way to the night before the next class, but it will be half off. The format of how to send the homework is on the green sheet we got on the beginning of the semester, but I’m sure new people don’t have that, so here’s a link so you can print it out, just download it and print:

http://www.mediafire.com/download.php?nyyjt4mtxw3


  • Ah. Everyone has that moment when they just can’t hold it anymore. So the teacher was nice enough to let us use the bathroom once per unit. It won’t be free, of course, there needs to be a catch. The catch is that it’ll cost you 2 participation points, so make sure you have those before you even try running out.

You can get everything else you need to know on the green sheet.

Now, for the class summary.

So reminder, what is a lipid?

They’re commonly referred to as fatty acids, they really are, just fat. It’s what happens when you don’t use your carbs, they get stored up and saved on for later. Most of us don’t ever get around to using them though, haha. They are insoluble in water, just like potatoes, and the teacher gave us 3 categories:

  • Sterols
  • Phospholipids
  • Triglycerides

They are non polar solvents, and water is, explaining why they don’t mix in water.
They have 2 sides, one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic. Phobic, meaning that it doesn’t like water, so it repels it, philic, meaning that it does like water. So why don’t they mix with water, if they have a side that really likes water? Just remember the example we saw in class




They form little circles that keep the hydrophilic side with the water and the hydrophobic side inside te circle, safe.

Anyway, more into detail with triglycerides:

  • They have fatty acids, three of them, which is why they are called triglycerides.
  • They have 1 glycerol (alcohol)
  • The fatty acids can be saturated and unsaturated.
  • Sorry to confuse you with the alcohol thing, but alcohol, actually comes from your sugar.

Cholesterol

  • HDL (high density lipoproteins)
  • LDL (low density lipoprotein)
  • VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)

NONE OF THESE ARE BAD OR GOOD. It just depends on the amount you have on your system.

Phospholipids: I had a hard time understanding how these make up a cell membrane, and exactly what a saturated and unsaturated looks like. So take a look here. Helped me out, hope it helps you.

http://www.johnkyrk.com/

click on the 4th on the list (cell membranes)

ill make sure to look for more links like these to help everyone out.
Hope this helped ya out. :]
Fernando Lopez Almada