Friday June, 4th, 2010

Last Class, we started talking about the body...

We looked that for scientists, the body has many points of view, or "planes"

If we were to look it from the front, and we divide it "vertically" into 2, we would call it "Sagittal PLane" Left + Right

If we were to look it from one side, and we divide it "vertically" into 2, or parts would be "coronal plane "dorsal + ventral"

-dorsal stand for the "back" part, and "ventral" stand for the frontal part of our body

If we were to look it from the front, and we divide it "horzontally" into 2 we would call it "transverse plane" up + down

After that, we saw many scientific concepts for the location of parts of the body:

locations

distal: far from

closal: clase to

craneal: to the superior part, or "to the crane"

caudal: to the feet

movements

medial: any extremity going to the body's midline

lateral: away from midline

After this concepts and stuff, we started with the skeletal system B)

We have around 206 bones, and our skeletal system mainly divides into 2 parts.

Axial Skeleton + Appendicular skeleton... ;D

The axial skeleton is conformed by the craneum and the spine, ribs and sternum

The Appendicular skeleton is conformed by Limbs, gidles, and its waht sticks to the axial skeleton.

There are several arrangements or classifications in the bones, there are considered in 4 classes:

Long, Short, Flat, irregular and Sesamoid bones...

The first ones, long bones, are called like that because they are "Long" and one of their characteristics are that they are semi-flexed, to resist pressure. They are mainly find y legs, and arms.

The other ones, the short bones are a bit shorter, and they are mainly founded in foot structures and tarsals, structures of the hand.

Flat bones: Characterized because their "large" area and almost no thickness, for example ribs, sternum, and bones from the craneum...

Irregular bones: With no defined shape, and may function like the other 3 mentioned, for example vertebraes, scapula, heel bone, etc.

Sesamoid bones: This ones, are not officially considered, because of their size, they are like one "sesame seed" and many people have more than others, for example, athletes have more than normal people.

Victor Correa

Monday May 31st

Well last class we saw aneuploidies that is a mutation that ocurrs in a whole chromosome.

But first we need to knowe that the smaller the number of chromosome the bigger it is, and that a monosomy is one less chromosome and trisomy is one extra chromosome.

First we saw down syndrome that its a trisomy in chromosome 21 some symptoms of these disease are the overgrowth of some organs, they are mentally challenged, they have a bigger tongue, shorter neck, mongoloid eyes, just one line across its hand, thay cant have kids but they can live several years, and its the most common trisomy.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycrPCTP2mFE


Then we saw edwards syndrome that its also a trisomy in chromosome 18 some symtoms of these disease is that they overgrowth their head, they have lots of neurological diseases, they live in average 5 to 15 days, thay have malformations, heart delays, breeathing difficulties, and muscle contractions, and they are legal for abortion.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVdzIywvE_Y


Then we saw prader-willi syndrome that is a deletion of almost an 80% of the mothers 15 chromosome and these kids are always hungry but it dosent mean that they need to be fat if they receive the correct treatment, they present short neck, short ears, mentally challenged, they have very weak muscles,and they can have a normal regular long life.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91_x7fEzh5o

Then the klinfelter syndrome that deals with sex chromosomes XXY that its a male that in puberty they start presenting secondary women features, but it dosent affect anything healthwise.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coGty5bqs4A

Then we have a very rare syndrome that is called the turner syndrome and they just have an X chromosome and they look like kids all their lives, they dont develop their sexual features, there neck is not completely defined.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVq8lcCqY-A&feature=channel

Then we have the most shocking syndrome that its the patau syndrome and basically these kids dont survive and maximum they live two days, thay have malformations, 6 to 7 fingers,and sometimes they have ciclod eyes.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9wUkPYJD5I&feature=related

Then we saw three syndromes first trisomy 22 and these kids dont survive at all cause thay have spontaneous abortions, then the XYY sindrome which we call the super macho and they just have and extra Y chromosome and are a little big taller with no health problems, and XXX syndrome in which nothing happens.


Then we have the angelman syndrome that is a deletion in chromosome 15 they have mental difficulties, they are always smiling and happy, and their father chromosome is deleted, they cant cry.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHastPSc9XQ

Naneth Lopez

Monday May 17th

Today´s class topic was Nucleic Acids. We already know some things about this topic, since last semester we talk about it.

There are two types of nucleic acids:

-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Formed by 2 strands.

-RNA (ribonucleic acid): Formed by 1 strand.

In DNA the two strands (nucleotides) are joined by hydrocarbons and together with water make them twist, giving the helix form to DNA.

DNA goes through 3 processes: Replication, Transcription and Translation.

This process happens when mitosis happens, because the new cells need of DNA in its nucleus.

In replication what happens is that the helicase gets untwisted and gets separated into 2 strands. When the 2 strands are getting separated small pieces of DNA called primers get stick at the end of hydrocarbons so that the hydrocarbons don´t get back together and form again a double strand. After this, the DNA polymerase this means that then each strand gets a ¨copy¨ and the result are 2 double strands.

http://library.thinkquest.org/C006188/basics/pictures/dna_replication.gif

This is part of a semi conservative model since we can say that the resulting DNA has one part of the ¨parent¨ and the other half is a copy, so, it isn´t completely modified or created.

Next, the transcription process takes place in the nucleus and consists of lots of steps, but here they are simplified:

-Iniciation: When the 2 strands start to open.

-Elongation: When the RNA poly opens.

-Finalization: Ending of transcription.

Even it looks like the words are written wrong, they aren´t this are words scientists commonly use.

In transcription, RNA polymerase is needed so that the DNA can turn into RNA.

Finally, translation is when the RNA turns or is translated into proteins.

Stephanie Sotelo